The waveform on which the oscilloscope can trigger can be sourced in a variety of ways. The counter is likewise divided into two sections, one for the MSBs and one for the LSBs. In the first method, the ADC runs continuously and interrupts the processor whenever a conversion result is available; the processor then has a defined time to read the result and act on it, before the next result appears. If you aren’t sure, just describe the job to the concrete dispatcher, and they will tell you what slump to use. The number of clock cycles doubles with each additional bit of resolution. What is the maximum count of the counter? Dual-slope integration. View Answer, 4. If the ramp ever goes below ground, then the output of the comparator will switch to a high state and disable the counter. Also from time to time, you may hear people mention that something is at a percent slope and you wonder exactly what that means. So, Eqn (7.6) can be rewritten as. a) no effect d) zero Liquid header collecting liquid from each finger. Superelevation is used once f is equal to f_max. The general configuration consists of the following parts: Figure 5.6. The length of this section will promote a stratified flow pattern and permit primary separation to occur. The schematic diagram of a dual slope integrator is shown in Figure 7.11(a) and the process is illustrated by the plot of the voltage at the output of the integrator in Figure 7.11(b). We use cookies to help provide and enhance our service and tailor content and ads. Pipe-type slug catchers are frequently less expensive than vessel-type slug catchers of the same capacity due to thinner wall requirements of smaller pipe diameter. c) average noise The preferred slope for a building access ramp is 1:12 or 1 inch of rise per 12 inches of horizontal run - that's roughly an 8% slope also written as a 4.8 degree angle slope. Slope-Area Method . Linearity is very good and extremely high-resolution measurements can be obtained. This is used in the AD7550 13-bit A/D converter manufactured by Analog Devices. large errors possible due to noises. At t<0, S 1 is set to ground, S 2 is closed, and counter=0. This “oversampling” (a sampling clock of several MHz used for input bandwidths of a few kHz) allows for extremely high resolution and low distortion. In electronic instrumentation and signal processing, a time to digital converter (TDC) is a device for recognizing events and providing a digital representation of the time they occurred. Because the slug catcher is the first element in the gas processing plant, determining its proper size is vital to the operation of the entire plant. They are relatively cheap for the accuracy and stability they offer. During the second phase of integration, the integrator output is returned from VI to zero so. D.I. c) three Meanwhile, the reference current causes the integrator to ramp down at a slope which is proportional to Vref (i.e. How-To Guides; How to Choose an ATV Ramp ; How to Load a Golf Cart into a Truck; How to Plant a Food Plot with an ATV; How to Properly Load a … ... (HSM) crash prediction method for ramp segments does not separate procedures for specific ramp configurations, such as diamond ramps and loop ramps. To maintain the design speed, highway and ramp curves are usually superelevated to overcome part of the centrifugal force that acts on a vehicle. or just use the ramp half way. These ADC's are suitable for use in digital voltmeters and those applications in which a relatively long time may be taken for conversion. On receipt of a start conversion signal from the main control system (generally a microprocessor), the control unit will reset the counter to 0 and release (i.e., cut off) Q1. We hypothesized that α and β band suppression will be greatest for stair walking followed by ramp walking. The slope of the edge of pavement relative to the axis of rotation is referred to as “the relative View Answer, 8. Then a known reference voltage of opposite polarity is applied to the integrator and is allowed to ramp until the integrator output returns to zero (the run-down period). When the integrator output again reaches ground the comparator switches the counter off and the counter then contains a digitally encoded value proportional to Vin. The op amp is essentially a noninverting amplifier with respect to the capacitor voltage. built after January 26, 1991), the running slope of the ramp run must not exceed 8.33 percent. From a structural standpoint, low-slump concrete is good. The discharge may be computed from the Manning formula: Q = (1.486/n)AR h 2/3 S 1/2. A basic dual-slope analog-to-digital converter circuit. To best preserve the shoreline environment, stabilization methods should follow these basic principles: 1. A flat curve and an inverted curve would imply falling short rates. This is equal to the charge lost by the capacitor during time t2 – t1, while being discharged by the reference voltage, proportional to Vr times (t2 – t1). Also, since you are in an area of cold winters, a dock seal is a good thing too. The slope must be graded to a maximum of no more than a one foot vertical rise for every 1.5 feet of horizontal distance. A microcontroller generates the pulse width modulated digital signal which is converted into a floating triangle. If the ramp is too flat the rear axle of the towing vehicle can end up in the water, which is undesireable (if you have ever spent $1000 to fix a rear end, like me, you understand why). Fortunately this situation does not preclude the use of laser grading: enter the dual-slope laser. For steeper slopes, you will have to go to a 1-in. With a negative input voltage applied to the ramp generator, the capacitor will begin to discharge. doi: 10.17226/24683. Dual Slope type ADC. a) True 24. 2. 1250.02 Roadway Cross Slope 1250.02(1) Lanes The cross slope on tangents and curves is a main element in roadway design. On sites where the banks are too steep to access by a ramp, stairs are an appropriate launch option. 1-2. The minimum width should be 0.90 m. 3.4 Slope . • Control of inflowing water from hill side slopes is a critical factor in design of such landfills. 1. It instructs the converter to perform a conversion, and then either waits for the result, if the conversion takes a definite, short time, or else is interrupted when the result is available. Analog Devices has a patented improvement on the basic dual-slope converter called Quad-Slope conversion. When the ramp gradient increased, the L4/5 compression forces increased in both pushing and pulling (p < 0.001) Shear forces increased in pulling and decreased in pushing in all tasks. Adjust speed to avoid casting snow over bridges or overpasses or too far onto sidewalks. Complete dual-slope converter systems are available in integrated form. We know that negligible current flows in or out of the (+) terminal of the op amp. Ramp Slope Calculators for Motorcycles, Mobility Scooters, Lawnmowers & More! In one class of techniques there is a transfer of energy between the photon and the sample. Figure 6-81:. The major disadvantage is that the charging and discharging of capacitors takes a relatively long time. The increase in conversion speed is achieved by accomplishing the reference integration (ramp-down) at two distinct rates: a high speed rate, and a “vernier” lower speed rate. An answer to this calibration drift dilemma is found in a design variation called the dual-slope converter. Recall that the input voltage to the ramp circuit determines the slope of the ramp. c) current The ability to manage an incline is related to both its slope and its length. A microcontroller generates the pulse width modulated digital signal which is converted into a floating triangle. At this point, the MSB of the counter will go high and cause the analog switch to move to the reference voltage position. Participate in the Sanfoundry Certification contest to get free Certificate of Merit. In the elimination method you either add or subtract the equations to get an equation in one variable. As the pipe-type slug catcher is defined as a piping configuration rather than a pressure vessel, it is not constrained to the same requirements as a normal vessel. Sheet draining is the least preferred grading method because water must travel the furthest distance across the skin. The most widely used integrating ADC is called a dual slope converter, a considerable improvement over the earlier single-slope version. Fixed execution time and can be fast. So, though you don't plan to use a dock leveler, you should use dock bumpers. Dual-Slope ADC Architecture A dual-slope ADC (DS-ADC) integrates an unknown input voltage (V IN) for a fixed amount of time (T INT), then "de-integrates" (T DEINT) using a known reference voltage (V REF) for a variable amount of time (see Figure 2). Here the basic equation for deflection is EI k=M Where E is modulus of elasticity I the second moment of inertia. In the first phase a feedback loop is closed around the analog signal path while the input is set to zero. This voltage, of course, was determined by the value of analog input voltage. Dual slope conversion is very much preferred in precise digital multi-meters, and also in 10-bit to 18-bit conversion modules. A cone laser cannot be used on this type of field without total reconstruction of the sidelines and a portion of the outfield. Vessel-type slug catchers can only be used if the incoming liquid volume is small. Figure shows a block diagram of the basic dual-slope converter. What is the effect of the capacitor on the output? just like the others on here have said. One step that can be taken to speed up the process is to use a triple-ramp approach. This occurs over a fixed period of time at the end of which the input is switched over to the reference current source. d) magnetic effect Slug catchers may be either of the vessel or of the manifold pipe type. Why is dual slope method preferred over ramp techniques? Integrating or Dual-slope converters. Finally, we apply Kirchhoff's Current Law to show that with 0.5 milliampere flowing right to left through R1 and 2 milliamperes flowing left to right through R2, there must surely be 2.5 milliamperes flowing upward through capacitor C. Since the current through capacitor C has remained constant at 2.5 milliamperes, we know that the voltage across it will be a linearly rising ramp. Push snow away from traffic lanes whenever possible to make sure there is no impede of the traffic flow. The major elements comprising a dual-slope ADC are illustrated in Figure 3.17. The maximum recommended slope of ramps is 1:20. Ramp slopes between 1:16 and 1:20 are preferred. A dual-slope ADC (DS-ADC) integrates an unknown input voltage (V IN) for a fixed amount of time (T INT), then "de-integrates" (T DEINT) using a known reference voltage (V REF) for a variable amount of time. Elevated launches can be used to bypass environmentally sensitive areas or areas of unstable At high slopes, pulling generated more compression and shear forces than that of pushing (p < 0.01). Often used for audio applications for this reason and because of its good match with digital signal processing architectures. Ramp Method • Used in the case of flat or slightly undulating areas. Dual-slope integration. Now let us cut off transistor Q1 and allow capacitor C to begin charging. ATV, UTV, and Golf Cart Products Learn how to easily and safely load your golf cart, ATV, or UTV into the back of your truck or trailer using our golf, ATV, or UTV ramps. The technique is called current-mode control because the inductor current is directly controlled, whereas the output voltage is controlled only indirectly by the current loop. d) time-period The control circuit provides the overall timing of circuit operation. Figure 1-1. The accuracy of the conversion only depends on the accuracy of the reference voltage. the capacitor voltage is zero). The integration of this DC reference voltage will cause the integrator output to decrease linearly, as in the ramp shown in Fig. An analog-to-digital converter utilizing pulse width modulation and ramp and count techniques. c) electrostatic effect b) partial noise Slope stakes are an effective way to insure compliance with the design standards and to keep soil disturbance to an absolute minimum. This action will continue until the counter reaches one-half of its maximum count. The slope-area method consists of using the slope of the water surface in a uniform reach of channel and the average cross-sectional area of that reach to give a rate of discharge. For the dual-slope A/D, quantization of the input signal proceeds in three phases. It takes a certain amount of time (t2) to discharge the capacitor and stop the counter. Resistor R2 will have 0 volts on both ends, which means it has no current flow through it. We can divide spectroscopy into two broad classes of techniques. An alternative method, where reversal potential is obtained from the current during rapid voltage ramps (“voltage-ramp method”), in theory gives a much better estimate of … the rungs are 6"L x 3/4"W they are spaced 2" apart. Accuracy of other components is not critical, since the reference and the input are both applied to the same signal path and autozeroing can be employed. Dual-Slope Converter. An integrating ADC (also dual-slope or multi-slope ADC) applies the unknown input voltage to the input of an integrator and allows the voltage to ramp for a fixed time period (the run-up period). When the floating triangle signal is equal to the analog, input signal, a comparator generates and output which is sensed by the microcontroller. Essentially, the process is either externally clocked or controlled by the processor. • Modification of both the area and the trench method and utilizes certain technique of both 25. Design of Interchange Loop Ramps and Pavement/Shoulder Cross-Slope Breaks. In this technique two different rates of reference integration are employed. This occurs over a fixed period of time at the end of which the input is switched over to the reference current source. The charge on the capacitor at time t1 is proportional to the average value of Vx times t1. This type is simple in design and maintenance. Figure 2. View Answer, 3. A common application is for digital voltmeters. This section comprises of a change in elevation between the gas risers and the storage section that allows a clear distinction between liquid and gas phases. Various staking methods can be employed. For steeper slopes, you will have to go to a 1-in. It is independent of the accuracy or the long-term stability of the clock frequency, or of the resistor and the capacitor values. This header will not be sloped and is configured perpendicular to the fingers. View Answer, 9. The slope of the ramp is given by the basic capacitor charge equation: For the present case, the slope of the ramp across C is computed as. This is the purpose of transistor Q1—as long as it is saturated, capacitor C cannot accumulate a charge. The output of the op amp will have a slope that is linear but twice as great, since the amplifier has a voltage gain of 2. Time t2 in Figure 8.15 is the amount of time required for the capacitor to linearly discharge to 0 volts. A dual-slope ADC (DS-ADC) integrates an unknown input voltage (V IN) for a fixed amount of time (T INT), then "de-integrates" (T DEINT) using a known reference voltage (V REF) for a variable amount of time. The dual-slope are very precise, but slow converters that use counters to generate the output. “If the slope begins with a sharp edge, the boom and bucket may be lowered over the side to control the machine and prevent a quick tip over the edge,” says Lumpkins. The selection of components for the integrator and oscillator in a dual slope converter is much less critical than for the single-slope unit. Suppose we let capacitor C accumulate a charge of 4 volts. These lines are located within the slug storage section. (Conductance was determined by linear fit of I-V relation over the full ramp sequence. The grade (also called slope, incline, gradient, mainfall, pitch or rise) of a physical feature, landform or constructed line refers to the tangent of the angle of that surface to the horizontal.It is a special case of the slope, where zero indicates horizontality.A larger number indicates higher or steeper degree of "tilt". 5.6. a) resistance As I'm sure you know, the slope of the ramp affects how the trucks will "seat" against the dock door. It is also useful in precision instruments, where special precautions may be taken to identify the exact frequency of the interference and set the period of integration accordingly. Since time t2 is dependent on the value of analog input voltage, the number of counts registered in the counter will also be a function of the analog input voltage. In the second, the processor itself determines when to get an analogue value. Fingers with dual slope and three distinct sections: gas–liquid separation, intermediate and storage sections. b) voltage halves with clock input View Answer. Be aware of the pavement cross slope, wind conditions and other considerations for the route. The length of time for t1, however, is fixed and determined by the speed of the clock and the number of bits in the counter. A column-parallel dual-gain single-slope ADC comprises an input for receiving a signal V in, a sample-and-hold stage which receives V in and outputs sampled signal V in,samp, a comparator, a counter, and a ramp generator which generates high-gain (HG) and low-gain (LG) ramps, with the ratio of the LG ramp slope to the HG ramp slope being greater than 1. q Zone one – cellular confinement methods (Table 1, p. 5), with a control section adjacent to the test sections. Although the actual saturation voltage of Q1 may be a few millivolts, let us assume it is truly 0 volts for simplicity. The dual-slope A/D conversion method is very popular in applications that do not require high-speed operation. Copyright © 2021 Elsevier B.V. or its licensors or contributors. When the counter overflows, the integration of the input signal is stopped. As its name suggests, this converter has 2 phases, the first where a voltage ramps up with a certain slope, and the second where the same voltage ramps down with a different slope. Slug catchers are used at the terminus of large gas–condensate transmission pipelines to catch large slugs of liquid in pipelines, to hold these slugs temporarily, and then to allow them to follow into downstream equipment and facilities at a rate at which the liquid can be properly handled. A pipe-type slug catcher consists of several long pieces of pipe (fingers), which together form the buffer volume to store the largest slugs expected from the upstream system. With appropriate circuitry, bipolar voltages can also be measured. The dual-slope integration type of A/D conversion is a very popular method for digital voltmeter applications. Therefore, slug sizing results should always be treated with caution, and slug catchers should be designed with an ample design margin (Burke and Kashou, 1996; Xiao and Shoup, 1998). Basic circuit theory tells us that a constant charging current through a capacitor produces a linear ramp of voltage. • Waste is placed along the sides of existing hill slope. Peter Wilson, in The Circuit Designer's Companion (Fourth Edition), 2017. Vegetative stabilization methods are preferred on flatter slopes and that the use of stone rip-rap should generally be limited to slopes greater than one vertical to three horizontal, where vegetative stabilization methods are not as effective. This establishes the initial slope of the charge on C. If we can maintain a constant current, we will maintain a linear slope across C. Now let us examine the circuit condition after capacitor C has accumulated 1 volt of charge (positive on top). q Zone two – soil retention blankets (Table 1, p. 5), with a control section below the blanket sections. In this study we seek to identify the neural dynamics of over-ground walking on level ground, ramps, and stairs using non-invasive mobile brain-body imaging (MoBI) EEG devices. If high resolution is desired, then the dual slope conversion technique can be employed. As shown in Figures 4-10a and 4-10b, the voltage to be measured (Vx) is input to an integrator, charging the capacitor for a fixed time interval t1, which corresponds to a certain number of clock cycles. 1-1. The analog portion of such a system is manufactured by National Semiconductor Corporation in the form of an LF12300 integrated circuit. Architecture of dual-slope A/D converter. d) it has two outputs When the comparator input reaches the autozeroed level, where the conversion began, its output switches off the clock to the counter and terminates the conversion. During normal operations, the normal liquid level is kept at around the top of the riser from each finger into the main liquid collection header, which is equivalent to approximately 5 min operation of the condensate stabilization units at maximum capacity. In fact, if more liquid is brought in than the slug catcher can handle, the plant normally shuts down. Free fall of concrete need to be continuous and possible separation due to free falling of concrete over reinforcement or other embedded objects should be prevented. Tv is directly proportional to the counter output and with Tmax, Tv and Tref all known, the input voltage, Tin, is determined by proportion. Let us further assume (as an example) that the input voltage to the ramp generator is +5 volts. The dual-slope ADC architecture was truly a breakthrough in ADCs for high resolution applications such as digital voltmeters (DVMs), etc. mode control methods, and the most popular method is fixed-frequency peak-current-mode control with fixed-slope compensation ramp. Explanation: During the process of integration, noise is canceled out by the positive and negative ramps in the dual slope method. View Answer, 5. • Control of inflowing water from hill side slopes is a critical factor in design of such landfills. Some applications wish to measure the time interval between two events rather than some notion of an absolute time. FIGURE 8.15. The position of the analog switch is controlled by the state of the most significant bit (MSB) of a counter. The steep slope in zone 1 necessitated safety ropes. However, due to its large size, it will contain the majority of high-pressure hydrocarbon gas on the site. The execution time is limited only by the settling time of the comparators, but the number of comparators rapidly becomes unwieldy if more than 8 bits of resolution (255 comparators) is needed. Note that it has been assumed that all liquids (condensate and water) are collected and sent to an inlet three-phase separator, although it is possible to separate condensate and water at the fingers directly. Dual slope A–D converters can provide 10−18 bits of resolution. Normally used in special-purpose ICs, which integrate all the functions together. Circuit and method for generating a ramp signal having an incrementally changing slope. Figure 3.18 shows the voltage variation at the integrator output. For this t in should be chosen to be a multiple of 20 msec, the periodic time of the 50 Hz waveform. The final state of the counter depends only on the reference voltage and the degree to which the interval between clock pulses is constant. If you aren’t sure, just describe the job to the concrete dispatcher, and they will tell you what slump to use. 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Dual-Slope ADC Architecture A dual-slope ADC (DS-ADC) integrates an unknown input voltage (VIN) for a fixed amount of time (TINT), then "de-integrates" (TDEINT) using a known reference voltage (VREF) for a variable amount of time (see Figure 2). The binary counter value is the converted binary output. slump will work. Conversion accuracy is independent of both the capacitance and the clock frequency, because they affect both the up-slope and the down-slope by the same ratio. Other Ramps Maximum Slope = 1:8 slope = 1.5:12 slope = 12.5% slope = 7.13° slope Typically in sketches and plans like the drawing we show above where common ramp slopes are in the orange area, ramp slopes range between 0° and 18° with a preferred slope of about 7° or 1.5:12 or by the 2018 IRC Ramp Code, a more-gentle slope of about 5° or 1:12. Fig. With the counter initially set to zero, the final counter value is proportional to the input voltage. A counter determines the time to complete the process, and the count is the digital conversion value. In the second phase, a reference voltage is integrated until the output of the integrator is returned to zero. This is a very useful facility enabling commonly used digital multimeters to provide a good performance at a low price. The slope of t2 is fixed and is determined by the negative reference, so time t2 is variable and dependent on the value of voltage accumulated on capacitor C during time t1. FIGURE 8.13. This increased immunity stems from the fact that errors introduced during the positive slope will be largely offset by similar errors during the negative slope. Periodic interference, such as 50 Hz mains (60 Hz in the US) can be eliminated completely. If liquidity is tight, rates will go up, and if it’s loose, rates would go down or stay flat. a) 9999 The resulting bitstream is digitally filtered to produce n-bit data at a rate less than half the sampling clock but much higher than twice the maximum signal bandwidth. However, the long integration times of these converters makes them relatively slow compared to the non-integrating types discussed above. The dual slope A–D converter: (a) the schematic diagram; (b) the variation of the integrator output voltage during a cycle of conversion. c) integral of the input In fact, the slug catcher provides temporary storage for any surges (slugs) in liquid flows and roughly separates the gas from the liquids. For faster analogue-to-digital conversion, the ‘successive’ or ‘counter’ type are generally employed. In the dual-slope converter, an integrator circuit is driven positive and negative in alternating cycles to ramp down and then up, rather than being reset to 0 volts at the end of every cycle. But the yield premium that a long term bond commands should increase to make the curve upward slope soon. FIGURE 8.14. Similar principles apply to digital inputs. The maximum recommended slope of ramps is 1:20. Pyramat near the top of zone 2 in August of 2000. Let us examine the circuit at one more point. The linear ramp generator portion of the circuit shown in Figure 8.13. The input voltage to the ramp is switch-selected as either the analog voltage to be converted (positive) or a fixed, negative reference voltage. The control circuit senses this event and generates the conversion complete signal, which means that the digital result in the counter is now a valid representation of the analog input voltage. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. 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