The loss of ice and snow from a glacier through any process, including melting, sublimation, evaporation, wind erosion, and calving. The interior of 'a'a is very dense. The satellite image at left shows Rose Atoll. Acidic water discharged from a mining operation. Coal mines and metal mines are the typical sources of acid mine drainage. Click on an underlined word for more information on that subject. Wittenberg's geology program blends classroom and field instruction, computer and instrumental analysis, and practical application to give you the tools for success in graduate school or your professional career. Agatized ammonites are a popular organic gemstone. "Geology" is a much … Geology Subject Guide Information on materials by subject are in Magale Library's reference area, stacks call numbers, and periodicals. More information. Lavas with a relatively low viscosity can form a "ropy" surface. An optical phenomenon seen as intersecting lines of light that form a star-like figure just below the surface of a cabochon-cut gem. Adularescence is observed in some semi-translucent to transparent feldspar minerals and is caused by light entering the material and reflecting from molecular interfaces within the stone. Millsaps offers a major in geology, a major in geophysics, a major in environmental science, and a minor in geology. Environmental microbiology and chemistry; Contaminant hydrogeology; Research Activities. Challinor’s Dictionary of Geology. It is usually composed primarily of hornblende and plagioclase, usually with very little quartz. An atom with a negative charge that has been produced by the gain of one or more electrons. Equivalent to 43,560 cubic feet, 1,233 cubic meters, or 325,851 gallons. The desert pavement surface shown here is on an alluvial fan in the Providence Mountains State Recreational Area of California. - October 17, 2018 Our goal is to offer the highest possible quality education in the geological sciences at the undergraduate and graduate levels. It ranges from a very light blue to a richly saturated blue, with the richer color being much more desired. By definition, a coal with a fixed carbon content of over 91% on a dry ash-free basis. The bottom of the bit is made of metal with embedded diamond abrasives for grinding through rocks. Every year in the United States, accidents at abandoned mines and quarries claim numerous lives. Cut into cabochons for jewelry that will not encounter wear. It receives its name from its seawater color. In chemistry, an "alkali" is a strongly basic substance such as sodium hydroxide or sodium carbonate. The Facts on File Dictionary of Geology and Geophysics. It is often cut into cabochons for use in jewelry. An optical phenomenon that is seen as a flash of light as a gemstone is moved under a source of incident light. A fan-shaped wedge of sediment that typically accumulates on land where a stream emerges from a steep canyon onto a flat area. They must be strong, physically fit enough to work long hours, willing to get extremely greasy and dirty, and work outdoors in all types of weather throughout the year. Many gemstones are rocks, organic materials, mineraloids or even objects from space that lack durability, rarity, intrinsic value and are used in their natural state. The acid is neutralized by the dilution and the water is unable to carry the dissolved metal ions. Also used in mineral resource calculations (an acre-foot of coal is a block of coal one acre in area and one foot thick - it weighs approximately 1,800 tons). Accretion is the accumulation of sediment (mud, sand, etc.) Easily recognized because the feldspar grains are typically pink and angular in shape. "Geology" is a much more limited science and just one part of "Earth science.". The color combination is caused by twinning. A fault with vertical movement and an inclined fault plane. Research Facilities. The photo shows the south face of Fajada Butte, Chaco Culture National Historical Park. A fine-grained, extrusive igneous rock composed mainly of plagioclase with other minerals such as hornblende, pyroxene, and biotite. It has a Mohs hardness of 6 with perfect cleavage. These red chrome pyrope garnets are often found on ant hills in parts of the southwestern USA. The removal of small-size soil and sediment particles from a land surface by the persistent action of wind. Each orientation of these parallel inclusions within the stone produces a single line on the surface of the stone. The removal of surface material from a meteoroid as it passes through Earth's atmosphere. the study of this science. A good dictionary should be on the desk of every geologist and within easy reach. [Coleman Reference Collection – QE5.C45 1985] Kearey, P. The New Penquin Dictionary of Geology. A gravity-driven flow of a dense fluid down a slope through a fluid of lower density. Hundreds of materials have been used as gemstones, see photos of over 100 here. Eventually all of the particles that can be carried by the wind will be removed, leaving a rocky surface known as a "desert pavement." The examination committee determines whether the student passes or fails the examinations and whether or not an oral exam is required. Light enters the stone, reflects from the grains and produces a flash known as aventurescence. A fault that has slipped in historic time and which is likely to slip again in the future. Natural gas that is found in a reservoir with crude oil. This dictionary is compact and inexpensive at only $19.99. If the rock or mineral term you are looking for is not in the dictionary, please e-mail us and we'll add it. A ring-shaped island or group of coral islands that are surrounded by deep ocean water and that enclose a shallow lagoon. gies. Amazonite is a trade name given to a light green to bright green variety of microcline feldspar. More information. Glossary of Geology. Flaring is a waste of a resource, a cause of pollution, and a contribution to global warming. & Allaby, M. 1999, A Dictionary of Earth Sciences. About every thirty feet, all of the drill pipe and the drill bit are pulled from the well so the core can be lifted to the surface and removed. Each gem material has a characteristic dispersion. More information. Almandine garnet, also known as "almandite," is an iron-rich, red-to-purple garnet that is geologically very common and typically sells on the more affordable side of the garnet price range. The rocks in the core of an anticline are the oldest. Fill out the information below, then click on the Login button. These lands might be owned by persons, companies, organizations, or government agencies. Image copyright iStockphoto / Barcin. Surficial geology influences the response of peatland carbon accumulation to climate variability: a comparative study of two peatlands in a glaciated valley in Southcentral Alaska. It consists of a mixture of organics and mineral matter. A hollow cylindrical drill bit used for cutting a cylinder of rock, called a "core," from a well. Adularescence is a soft glow of light that floats just under the surface of a polished gemstone or under the smooth surface of a gem material. Contrast with unassociated gas. The top is usually a cap-rock of resistant material. A good dictionary should be on the desk of every geologist and within easy reach. Orthoclase, plagioclase, and microcline would be "alkali feldspars." GEOLOGY la géologie: GROTTO la grotte: LAND la terre: LAVA la lave: MAGNET l'aimant: MAP la carte: MARBLE le marbre: MINERAL minéral: MOUNTAIN la montagne: PEBBLE le caillou: QUARTZ le quartz: ROCK la roche: SAND le sable: SOIL le sol, la terre: STONE la pierre: VOLCANO le volcan The acid is usually produced by the reaction of sulfide minerals newly exposed to oxygen during the mining process. If you choose to major in geology, you will focus on the study of earth materials, internal and external earth processes, analysis of earth history, and an appreciation of geology in regard to environmental and engineering issues. It is produced by the shattering of rocks during an eruption and by magma being ejected as a fine spray - propelled by volcanic gas escaping from the vent. Aventurine is a quartz variety that contains a blizzard of tiny reflective inclusions such as muscovite, hematite, or fuchsite. This dictionary is compact and inexpensive at only $19.99. Their fossilized shells are often cut and used as an ornamental or jewelry stone. Click on an underlined word for more information on that subject. The water in this aquifer is under atmospheric pressure and is recharged by precipitation that falls on the land surface directly above the aquifer. An igneous rock that has a relatively high silica content. Shown in the photo is an outcrop of alluvium. Also known as a "valley glacier.". They occur in prismatic crystals that have very good cleavage in two directions, with cleavage planes intersecting at 56 and 124 degrees. In geology, "alkali" is an adjective used in reference to silicate minerals or rocks that are rich in alkali metals such as sodium or potassium. Some people assume that "geology" and "earth science" are identical, but that is not true. If the rock or mineral term you are looking for is not in the dictionary, please e-mail us and we'll add it. An aquifer that is bounded above and below by impermeable rock or sediment layers. Often associated with malachite and chrysocolla. (2013). In addition to being used as a gem, garnet is used as an abrasive, filter medium, sand-blasting granule and waterjet cutting granule. accidents at abandoned mines and quarries, Dictionary of Geological Terms - Only $19.99. Ammolite is a trade name used for iridescent ammonite shell material. The angle of repose varies for different types of materials and different moisture conditions. In map view it has the shape of an open fan. [Coleman Reference Collection - QE5. It sometimes has a fibrous texture that produces a strong cat's eye when cut en cabochon. Department receives a $2.18M donation of Move™ structural analysis and visualization software from Petroleum Experts, Inc. - August 1, 2019; Our 2018 issue of the Geogram is complete and ready for viewing. A geology dictionary that is used regularly is one of the most important tools for developing professional competence. It is a "collector's gem" rather than a jewelry gem. A geology dictionary that is used regularly is one of the most important tools for developing professional competence. The image shows the Cascades Volcanic Arc of the northwestern United States. They are rock-forming minerals found in igneous, metamorphic, and sedimentary rocks. Alluvial fans typically form in arid or semiarid climates. Reflections can also be seen if the light source is moved or the eye of the observer is moved. When cool, they are very difficult to walk on. It is also cut as an opaque gemstone and sometimes ground to a powder for use as a pigment. gold Gold is a precious metal. The acid waters usually carry dissolved metals which precipitate downstream as the acid is diluted by other water sources. Some people believe that gemstones should also be durable, rare, valuable and skillfully cut - but some items formally called "gemstones" lack all of these. There may or may not be enough pressure in the aquifer to make it an "artesian aquifer.". Steinman, B.A., Abbott, M.B., Stansell, N.D., Nelson, D.B., Finney, B.P., Rosenmeier, M.F. Geology is the study of the Earth, the materials of which it is made, the structure of those materials, and the processes acting upon them. Agricultural geology definition is - the branch of geology that deals with the character and origin of soils, the occurrence of mineral fertilizers, and the behavior of underground water. A flat-bottom gully with steep sides that is cut into alluvium. Mined commercially at only one mine in the world, located in eastern Bolivia. The one on the right is known as "watermelon" for obvious reasons. They occur on land (pyroclastic flows) or underwater (turbidity currents). Areas where past mining activity has scarred the land surface, streams, or groundwater. It serves as a channel for an intermittent or ephemeral stream. In the image, a chlorine atom gained one electron (red) and is now a chloride ion with a negative charge. Garnet is the name of a group of silicate minerals that share a common crystal structure, but they vary in composition. Coring is very slow and very expensive work. The image shows the surface exposure of the Denali fault with approximately 5 meters of offset near the Delta River in Alaska. Andalusite is a metamorphic mineral that is strongly pleochroic and is underappreciated as a gem. Agate is a cryptocrystalline quartz that is translucent and patterned with bands, plumes, dendrites, or inclusions that produce a colorful, interesting appearance. A fan-shaped wedge of sediment that typically accumulates on land where a stream emerges from a steep canyon onto a flat area. An important part of geology is the study of how Earth’s materials, structures, processes and organisms have changed over time. A geology dictionary that is used regularly is one of the most important tools for developing professional competence. Click on an underlined word for more information on that subject. Actinolite is green to grayish green mineral of the amphibole group found in metamorphic rocks. The Sacajawea US dollar coin above looks like gold. See more. A fold in rock strata with a convex upward shape. The phenomenon is called a "star" and is seen in gems such as sapphire, ruby, enstatite, diopside, garnet, and spinel. This can be caused by a change in the composition or temperature of the fluid from which the crystal was growing; twinning; or, variations in exposure to heat or radiation. Because the platelets share a common orientation, they all reflect simultaneously and produce a quick flash of light as the stone is moved under the source of incident light. Oxford University Press. Shown in the image is one sodium atom and one chlorine atom. Home Page. A mass of sea floor sediment that accumulates at the boundary between a converging oceanic plate and continental plate. The island is about 1.5 miles across, and the central lagoon has a maximum depth of about 60 feet. A good dictionary should be on the desk of every geologist and within easy reach. Mark R. Frank - economic geology, experimental petrology, mineralogy and geochemistry. Frequently referred to by the layman as "hard coal.". A glossary - dictionary - collection of terms - terminology related to the field of geology. The word usually triggers an image of attractive mineral materials that have been fashioned into gems to be worn for personal adornment. Amethyst is a transparent variety of quartz that ranges from light lilac to deep purple in color. Also provided are web sites, electronic journals, electronic texts, and online associations to further research in each area. Click on an underlined word for more information on that subject. As water moves from the surface down through this layer, soluble constituents are removed and carried deeper into the ground. It "accretes" at the point of plate collision, and that is where the name originates. Hornblende, tremolite, actinolite, and glaucophane are examples. A zone of low strength in the upper mantle defines the top of the asthenosphere. There is no universally agreed upon definition for the word "gemstone." More information. The dip angle of the fault plane is between 45 and 90 degrees. It includes the study of organisms that have inhabited our planet. ... A. A geology dictionary that is used regularly is one of the most important tools for developing professional competence. Also, consider ametrine, a bicolor quartz that is a combination of AMEthyst and ciTRINE believed to be caused by twinning. B38 1987] Challinor, John. The acre-foot is one of the most common units of measure used for reservoir capacity. It is composed of broken lava blocks called clinkers. To survive in the darkness, troglobites have highly-developed senses of hearing, touch and smell. Geology is the study of the Earth, the materials of which it is made, the structure of those materials, and the processes acting upon them. Density currents often occur underwater where the fluids have differences in temperature, salinity, or concentration of suspended particles. An aquiclude or aquitard is a subsurface rock, soil, or sediment unit that does not yield useful quantities of water. Roughneck is a slang term for an oil field worker who does hard manual labor on the floor of a drilling rig. Some people assume that "geology" and "Earth science" are identical, but that is not true. The water in the aquifer is also under enough pressure that, when the aquifer is tapped by a well, the water rises up the well bore to a level that is above the top of the aquifer. The written exams must all be taken within a period of one week. 815-753-0523 mfischer@niu.edu 312 Davis HallEducation. Because it is relatively fragile, it is best used where it will not suffer abrasion or impact. The majority of soil organisms live within this layer, and it may be heavily bioturbated. Much of their work is the repetitive manipulation of drill pipe as the well is being drilled and when all of the pipe must be pulled to change the bit. It is one of the most popular faceted gemstones and is sometimes cut en cabochon. It is caused when many tiny platelet-shaped inclusions of a reflective mineral such as mica or copper or hematite are aligned with a common orientation within the gem material. Amphiboles are members of a family of dark-colored ferromagnesian silicate minerals that have the generalized chemical composition of A2-3B5(Si,Al)8O22(OH)2 where A = Mg,Fe,Ca,Na and B = Mg,Fe,Li,Mn,Al. Aventurescence is the defining phenomenon of the gem material known as aventurine. Abandoned mines are typically the source of acid discharge and can continue to produce acid discharge for decades without remediation. It is a quick look-up tool for students engaged in … A geology dictionary that is used regularly is one of the most important tools for developing professional competence. A subsurface rock or sediment unit that is porous and permeable. Geology is the study of the Earth, the materials of which it is made, the structure of those materials, and the processes acting upon them. This dictionary is compact and inexpensive at only $19.99. An ancient circular scar on Earth's surface produced by the impact of a meteorite or comet. The opposite of an aquifer. Apatite is a phosphate mineral that is mainly used in making fertilizer. "Gross Acreage" is the entire geographic area under control. If you have any questions, comments or news to share, just drop us a note at askgeology@niu.edu. A fault that has never produced an earthquake that has been detected or observed by people. A square property that is 208.71 feet long and 208.71 feet wide is approximately one acre. The nucleus consists of positively charged protons and electrically neutral neutrons. Four- and six-ray stars are most common. An important part of geology is the study of how Earth’s materials, structures, processes, and organisms have changed over time. It includes the study of solar system astronomy, geology, oceanography and meteorology. A portion of the upper mantle that is directly below the lithosphere. The larger the main shock, the more numerous and longer the aftershock sequences. Anthracite coals have a bright luster, break with a conchoidal fracture, a semi-metallic luster and are difficult to ignite. geology Geology is the study of the Earth's structure, including rocks and minerals. An unconsolidated accumulation of stream-deposited sediments, including sands, silts, clays, or gravels. It is also seen in sunstone and other materials. A narrow passage on the northern corner of the island is the only surface connection of the lagoon to the ocean. Physical geology definition is - a branch of geology made up of structural geology and dynamic geology. Many troglobites have lost their sight and their pigments. This floating glow of light will move within the stone as the angle of incident light is changed, as the position of the observer's eye is moved, or as the stone is moved under the light. Normal faults are the typical structural style of divergent plate boundaries and portions of the crust under extensional stress such as the East Africa Rift. It may be porous and capable of containing water, but the transmission rate is so poor that it cannot be considered to be a water source. The rocks below the surface were deposited, deformed, and eroded. A glacier that occurs in a mountainous region and occupies a valley. A good dictionary should be on the desk of every geologist and within easy reach. The Geology Dictionary (http://geology.com/geology-dictionary.shtml) provides definitions for over 500 of the most commonly used terms in geology, hydrology and earth science. [Coleman Reference Collection – QE5.K42 1996] Lapidus, Dorothy Farris. Dictionary of Geological Terms - Only $19.99. Small earthquakes that follow the largest shock of an earthquake sequence. The specimen in the photo is a cleavage fragment of plagioclase. Aquamarine is a blue variety of the mineral beryl. The upper portion of a glacier where, over the course of a year, more accumulation occurs than ablation and the mass of glacial ice grows. It is easily cut and polished into bright, lightweight gems. It includes the study of organisms that have inhabited our planet. Coins and jewelry are made from gold. Alluvial fans typically form in arid or semiarid climates. An area, measured in acres, that is owned or controlled by one or more owners or lessees. Associated gas is often flared (burned) when oil is produced because a collection and distribution system is not available to transport the gas to market. glacier A glacier is a large, slowly-moving river of ice. A chain of volcanoes that forms on a continental plate when an oceanic plate collides with the continental plate and subducts beneath it. A basic unit of matter that consists of a central nucleus surrounded by shells of negatively charged electrons. Rock, mineral, and volcanic glass fragments smaller than 2 millimeters in size that are blown from the vent of an erupting volcano. A conspicuous hill with steep sides and a flat top. Economic geology definition is - a branch of geology that deals with geological materials of economic utility. Clay and shale are typical aquicludes. The Jersey Geology Trail, around Jersey in the Channel Islands, reveals a remarkable variety of rock types, usage and geological history. This term is commonly used in the arid and semiarid areas of the southwestern United States. All of the world's commercial Ammolite production comes from a small area in Alberta, Canada. Ant hill garnet is a novelty gem that ants excavate, haul to the surface, and deposit on their ant hill. Quaternary Science Reviews 64: 61-75. Light entering the stone travels until it encounters one of these platelets and is then reflected. They can occur for days, weeks, months, or years after the large earthquake. An optical phenomenon that defines the gem known as "moonstone." A volcano that has erupted within historic time or one that is currently erupting. IHS Kingdom Suite. Shown in the image are two faceted tourmalines cut from zoned crystals produced by growth. As an example consider a small pearl used in an inexpensive necklace sold at Walmart. Some have exceptional dispersion and produce a very intese fire. Also, a chain of volcanoes that forms on an oceanic plate in a similar collision with another oceanic plate. The block above the fault has moved down relative to the block below the fault. An erosional surface that separates rock units of differing dips. A dark blue copper carbonate mineral that is a minor ore of copper. This sediment is being scraped off the top of the oceanic plate as it is forced under the continental plate. More information. The photo is a specimen of pink granite about two inches across. The water may or may not flow onto the land surface. Today, active mines are required to have treatment systems that prevent the release of acid waters. Research Interests. A variety known as chiastolite has grains of graphite concentrated into a cross-shaped feature. The highest rank of coal. The term is also used for the rock materials after the flow has cooled. Although many people believe that diamond has the strongest dispersion of all gems, a few gems such as sphalerite, demantoid garnet (shown in the photo), sphene, and zircon have an even greater dispersion. Shown in the photo from top to bottom are: spessartine, almandine, mali, rhodolite and tsavorite. 'A'a (pronounced "ah-ah") is a Hawaiian term for a lava flow that has a rough, broken-up, spiny surface. The image shows a pyroclastic flow descending down the south flank of Merapi Volcano (Indonesia) in 2006. Colored flashes of light emitted from a gemstone that result from incident light being separated into its component colors as it passes through the stone. Amber is a fossilized resin secreted by ancient trees. They are so well adapted to life in a cave that they would be unable to survive in the surface environment. The image shows a monocline over a reverse fault. Small creatures that have adapted to a permanent life in a cave. The anticline in the photo is along New Jersey Route 23 near Butler, NJ. IHS Kingdom creators of Kingdom Suite, an industry-standard 3D seismic and well log visualization and interpretation system. This dictionary is compact and inexpensive at only $19.99. An area of increased dip in otherwise gently dipping strata. The volume of water needed to flood one acre of land to a depth of one foot. The gas may be in a free gas cap above the oil within the reservoir structure because of its lighter density, or, the gas might be dissolved within the oil and come out of solution when the pressure is reduced. We house a host of analytical equipment for petrologic and geochemical analyses and experiments. The graduate committee must approve the subject areas of the examination. An important part of geology is the study of how Earth’s materials, structures, processes and organisms have changed over time. Strain accumulates on active faults, and some creep slowly over time. The photo is of Pavlof Volcano on the Alaska Peninsula, one of the most active volcanoes in North America. Amber is an organic gem material. A sandstone that contains at least 25% feldspar. It includes the study of organisms that have inhabited our planet. Coverage includes geology, planetary science, oceanography, palaeontology, mineralogy, and volcanology, as well as climatology, geochemistry, and petrology. The star is caused by reflections from a network of tiny parallel rod-shaped inclusions within the stone, known as a "silk." Amphibolite is a non-foliated metamorphic rock that forms through recrystallization under conditions of high viscosity and directed pressure. Enchanted Learning members, log in here. A crystal that does not have uniform color or composition. The Geology Department at WWU is committed to excellence in both teaching and research. How to use geology in a sentence. Geology definition is - a science that deals with the history of the earth and its life especially as recorded in rocks. Trails of these ablated particles are often visible from Earth as a bright streak of light sometimes called a "shooting star" or a meteoroid trail. A pair of virtual field trips prepared by two JMU geology professors have been placed in the “Exemplary Teaching Activity collection.” Read More > Nov 10 Rare minerals gift makes JMU museum a must see. In map view it has the shape of an open fan. Minerals such as olivine or plagioclase which have a solid solution series are frequently zoned. They do any other work as required to keep the drilling progress moving. Historical geology definition, the branch of geology dealing with the history of the earth. It usually has a yellowish to orangish-brown color but can be white, greenish, bluish or even black. It includes the study of solar system astronomy, geology, oceanography and meteorology. To be an aquifer it must have these traits to a high enough degree that it stores and transmits useful quantities of water. By definition, a chain of volcanoes that forms on a continental plate when an oceanic plate collides the... Flood one acre of land measure that represents 43,560 square feet or 1/640 of a fluid. Layer immediately below the surface environment one foot often occur underwater where the fluids differences. Has grains of graphite concentrated into a cross-shaped feature with the continental plate live within layer! Is used regularly is one of the most popular faceted gemstones and is cut... Indonesia ) in 2006 's surface produced by the persistent action of wind in Alaska of geological -! Light as a `` silk. global warming today, active mines are required to keep drilling... The Alaska Peninsula, one of the most important tools for developing competence... Call numbers, and that is cut into cabochons, beads, and some slowly., organizations, or sediment unit that does not have uniform color or composition the! Mines and metal mines are required to have treatment systems that prevent the release of acid and. Very little quartz red ) and is brittle flash of light as a gem a small area in Alberta Canada. A gemstone is moved under a source of acid discharge for decades without remediation an erupting.... Mass of sea floor sediment that typically accumulates on land where a stream emerges from a pearl... Varies for different types of materials have been used as gemstones, photos. Reflections from a meteoroid as it is also cut as an example consider a area... Entries for basic, intermediate, and glaucophane are examples upward shape Gross. Upper mantle defines the top of the Denali fault with approximately 5 meters of offset near the river. 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